What is land tax?
Who should pay for it?
And can I reduce this major property cost which seems to eat into my rental income disproportionally?
These questions are often asked by serious property investors who already have or are in the process of building a significant property portfolio.
As is the case for most taxes, it is up to the taxpayer to advise the relevant state department that they are subject to land tax based on self-assessment by submitting either a land tax registration form or a land tax variation form.
This will trigger land tax assessment notices to be issued if and when appropriate.
Failure to advise can lead to significant penalties and backdated charges which the landowner may not be able to claim as a tax deduction.
What is the land tax in Australia?
Land tax is generally levied on the unimproved capital value of the land (not the total property value).
Each state has different rules and thresholds for when the land tax will be applied.
The threshold is the dollar value at which land tax will become payable.
Note: Below that figure, no land tax is levied and above it, land tax commences at the prescribed rates.
Most states have escalating rates as the land value increases so it is not proportional.
In general, there is a different rate and threshold for individuals and companies and a different set of rates for trust – although in some states trusts are treated the same as individuals. The full land tax liability is therefore the land value multiplied by the applicable rate.
Exemptions are normally applicable to the Principle Place of Residence (PPOR), but only if it is being occupied as the PPOR.
If the taxpayer moves out (land tax form variation required) and uses the property as an investment property, land tax may be due even if still within the main residence six-year rule for ATO purposes.
Other exemptions are normally available to agricultural use land and charities.
Further exemptions
A PPOR held in a trust may in some cases still be exempt if being used by a person with an approved disability and in some states, an exemption or threshold is applied if the property in the trust is nominated as a PPOR of the taxpayer.
The rules for a PPOR benefit within a trust are strict and need to be fully understood and met or the imposition of land tax will apply.
Queensland has the easiest procedure (tick the box on the registration form) but while the property may be exempt from land tax it is not exempt from CGT on a sale.
Note: This is because this exemption normally only applies to individually held property.
There are certain circumstances where the main residence exemption is applicable when a property is held in a trust but this is not discussed in this article.
In NSW and Victoria, trusts with any discretionary capabilities do not get a threshold but in these states, an approved Fixed Trust does receive a threshold if correctly worded and administrated. Superannuation funds in all states also receive the benefit of the threshold for property in that state.
An opportunity, however, does exist to manage the land tax liability for landholders by holding land in various individual, company and trust structures that are each entitled to a threshold.
As land tax is state-based the tax is levied by the state where the property or land is located and a state does not aggregate land from other states when assessing.
For example, land held in different companies would each be entitled to a threshold as long as management and control are different.
Various states have grouping provisions that would also apply to trusts.
Note that assets held in a company, if sold, do not get the 50% CGT general discount and, for a waged employee, negative gearing on a property held in a company cannot be claimed against personal income.
Sifting through the problems
Another trap is when the property is in the name of more than one entity, for example, a couple.
The couple is seen as a partnership and only one land tax threshold is available.
If either of the persons has landed in their own right then at the secondary level only the proportion held together is included when determining the liability in total.
Note: No credits are available if the total liability at the secondary level is less than paid as a couple.
For people with access to ongoing income (if negatively geared) it may be better to buy property in just one person’s name in order to get multiple thresholds.
Long-term planning is therefore essential.
Land tax is payable by the current owner and not when it may have been applicable or levied.
This can give rise to the new owner is liable for land tax when they did not “own” it.
When purchasing land or property it is important to apply for a land tax clearance certificate to ensure you will not be liable for someone else’s tax or to give you the opportunity to have any liabilities adjusted at settlement.
Trusts
Trusts can be a useful tool for both asset protection and estate planning.
Widely used to hold property and with the ability to claim negative gearing against personal income (for some trusts) they have become a strategic tool for many property investors.
States such as Queensland, SA and WA have a relatively acceptable land tax threshold.
While NSW does not give a threshold to a trust with a discretionary capacity, this sort of trust may be useful when the individual exceeds the threshold in their own right.
Most states have an upper limit on the total value of land held in an entity before they impose a surcharge on top of the normal land tax rates applicable so it may be beneficial to spread ownership between various entities if possible so as to not attract the surcharge.
In NSW, for example, the rate increases from 1.6% to 2.0% when the aggregate land value exceeds the premium rate threshold of $2.421m (2012 year).
While not directly related to this topic it is important to understand that at a certain dollar value within a company or trust full transfer stamp duty applies as if the property was sold and not the more favourable stamp duty applicable to shares or trust units being sold.
The ability to change control of a trust without triggering stamp duty in most states (given no change to legal ownership) is attractive as is the ability for investors to move into and out of the trust without triggering full stamp duty.
This has allowed many investors to work in joint ventures together knowing if circumstances change for one investor stamp duty would be minimised.
This is opposed to a wholesale change to the legal owner if some of the joint owners wish to “buy” out the existing partner.
Unfortunately, most states have an upper limit at which time changes to the ownership of a trust or company will trigger full transfer duty.
Each state has different tests but by way of example, NSW Landholder Duty is triggered when the unencumbered land value exceeds $2m in the company or trust.
Landholders must register when the gross land value exceeds $2m but the duty will only be applied to the unencumbered amount.
Disputes
All states have a process for objection to a land tax assessment.
This must be submitted on the proper form to the relevant person within 60 days from the date the assessment was issued.
Objections can relate to any approved reason – normally ownership, valuation and exemption.
The relevant state websites show the process and documentation needed and should be immediately accessed if you want to lodge an objection as there are limited opportunities for discretion by the relevant commissioner if the 60-day test is not met.
Disclaimer
Land tax is a state-based tax and as such any broad article such as this cannot give justice to every detail by state. For more information visit the land tax page on each State Government’s website at business.gov.au.
This article is general information only and is intended as educational material. Metropole Wealth Advisory nor its associated or related entities, directors, officers or employees intend this material to be advice either actual or implied. You should not act on any of the above without first seeking specific advice taking into account your circumstances and objectives.
